Major social groups in France prior to the French revolution

The French Revolution went on for a time of around multi decade going from1789 to 1799. The period was described by radical financial and political changes and it likewise denoted the breakdown of total government (Kates 56). There were three significant social gatherings in France preceding the French upset. Publicizing We will compose a custom paper test on Major social gatherings in France preceding the French upset explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More These were the principal, second and third domains. The First Estate comprised of the ministry; the subsequent one was honorability while the third home was known as the average citizens. The significant objective of the normal people was to accomplish more force and autonomy from the respectability and the ministry. Then again, both the honorability and the church bunches had the point of accomplishing political force. The First Estate lost force because of the progressions that were actualized by the National Ass embly. Right off the bat, The French Jews and Protestants were given strict self-governance. Along these lines, they were not under direct control of the strict rulers. Besides, property of the congregation was nationalized and there was abrogation of the religious communities. This debilitated the monetary intensity of the congregation (Kates 57). The nationalized land went about as the security for the administration advances which was later offered to the everyday people. Another hit to the pastorate was the foundation of the National Church which had clerics chosen and needed to make vow of faithfulness to the administration. The respectability which made out of the Second Estate additionally had a similar enthusiasm as that of the church. The respectability of the blade was obviously the most advantaged among the three kinds. This was trailed by the honorability of the court. A portion of the benefits which they had, for example, charge exception and manorial rights was fleetin g since the poor respectability couldn't manage the cost of the greater part of their fundamental needs and thusly chose to resemble everyday people because of rising swelling. They later joined the ordinary people in attempting to voice their popular supposition. Be that as it may, aristocrats regularly practiced their privileges so as to win a living as it was the situation with the poor aristocrats since they had never envisioned being equivalent to the ordinary people. Besides, there was serious whine by the bourgeoisie who were at the highest point of the third Estate, on why the honorability delighted in charge exclusions and superfluous benefits concerning juridical issues. The interest was that bourgeoisie was to be acknowledged as dear companions of the respectability and that they qualified to serve the state in all positions. They pushed for the scratching of the armorial rights and requested a conclusion to the instruction of poor nobles’ youngsters. They needed b alance in the common and corrective laws to be applied to both the aristocrats and ordinary citizens. Publicizing Looking for exposition on history? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This prompted the foundation of Estates General in May 1789 which was made out of three gatherings in particular, the pastorate, the honorability and the average citizens. As the press control was lifted; the more receptive aristocrats and ministry saw the need to concentrate on the ordinary citizens. By mid of 1789, the plebeians sorted out a gathering named the National Assembly. They examined national issues without the other two bequests. The National Assembly was making advances on national issues and this constrained the lord to arrange their conference center to be shut. This demonstration prompted the tennis Court promise where a few individuals from the Third bequest pledged to stay joined together (Kates 58). The Third domain at that point rearranged itself and thought of the national get together whose individuals were for the most part drawn from among the bourgeoisies and had the obligation of composing the constitution. This was accomplished in the revelation of Human Rights lastly the French Republic was announced in September 1792. The new constitution conceded equivalent rights to ladies and the remainder of the populace. Works Cited Kates, Gary. The French Revolution: late discussions and new contentions. London: Routledge, 1998. Print. This paper on Major social gatherings in France preceding the French unrest was composed and put together by client Arianna S. to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Simple or Progressive Perfect Forms

Basic or Progressive Perfect Forms There are two kinds of impeccable tenses; straightforward immaculate tenses (present great, past great and future great) and dynamic flawless tenses (present impeccable dynamic, past immaculate dynamic and future immaculate dynamic). The ideal structures are commonly used to speak to something that has occurred up to some other juncture. For instance: Present Diminish has visited Paris twice. (In his life, up until now)Jane has been playing tennis for two hours (as of not long ago) Past They had lived in New York for a long time before they moved to Seattle. (up to the time they moved to Seattle)She had been reading for 4 hours when he showed up. (The four hours legitimately before he showed up) Future We will have completed the course around this time one year from now. (up to this time a year from now)I will have been laboring for 2 hours when he shows up tomorrow. (the two hours before he shows up tomorrow) All in all, what are the contrasts between the basic and dynamic types of the ideal? Indeed, as a matter of first importance, make sure to remember the dynamic is just utilized with action words (see a weeks ago element for instances of non-activity or state action words). Another significant contrast is that we utilize the straightforward ideal structures to communicate completed QUANTITIES and the dynamic immaculate structures when we are focusing on the persistent span of a particular activity referenced. Presently, lets investigate the particular contrasts between the two structures: Present Perfect Progressive Ongoing action: to underline the recency of a past action. we regularly use of late or as of late : Shes been buckling down as of late Emphasis on the term or length of an action : Jack has been painting for 4 hours. As of late completed action with a current outcome : Ive been working in the nursery, that is the reason my hands are so grimy. No distinction in significance. Frequently the current immaculate dynamic and the current flawless can have a similar significance. This is regularly the situation with action words of living, occupation or business) : Ive been living in Leghorn for a long time. Or on the other hand Ive lived in Leghorn for a long time. Present Perfect Uncertain time before (understanding). Accentuation is on the finished activity at an inconclusive time previously. : Susans composed 3 books. Accentuation on QUANTITY : Ive read 300 pages of Tom Smiths most recent book. Span from past to introduce (see #4 of present flawless dynamic) : Peter has worked for that organization for a long time. Here is a brilliant case of the contrast between the two structures when alluding to length of a movement when contrasted with amount: Hes been driving for 6 hours. Hes traveled 320 miles. Past Perfect Progressive Past flawless dynamic is utilized to communicate CONTINUOUS action up to a particular purpose of time previously. Model: They had been sitting tight for 2 hours before their companions at long last showed up. Past Perfect Past flawless is utilized to communicate FINISHED action before a particular purpose of time previously. Model: He had just eaten when his significant other got back home. Future Perfect Progressive Future impeccable dynamic is utilized to stress the period of time or span of an occasion happening previously and up to another occasion later on. : By the time they show up, we will have been hanging tight for 4 hours! To accentuate the length of a movement. : John will have been reading for a long time when he completes his test. Future Perfect Future immaculate is utilized to allude to an occasion finished before another future occasion or time. : By the time Mary completes this course, she will have taken 26 tests. To accentuate not to what extent something has taken, yet that the activity is finished. : By the time he resigns, he will have labored for a long time. Here is a little test to check your insight: They a) have been working b) have worked in the carport, that is the reason their garments are greasy.She a) had met b) had been meeting John before he came to work here.By the time the letter shows up, an) I will have left b) I will have been leaving.When Karen called, they a) had been considering b) had read for two hours.Im tired. I a) have quite recently completed b) have recently been completing my homework.Peter a) has been understanding b) has perused 3 books by Hemingway.By the time we finish, we a) will have painted b) will have been painting for 4 hours.I ensured that I a) had learned b) had been learning Italian well before I left for Rome.She a) has known b) has been knowing John for 10 years.They a) have thought of you b) have been considering you a great deal as of late. Answer Key aaaaabbaab

Fall Transfer Update Part V - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Fall Transfer Update Part V - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Fall Transfer Update Part V It is that time of week to update you on how the fall transfer process is going. Please excuse me if the updates look fairly similar, but I figure a consistent style is the best way to convey what is going on. At this time, we have reviewed and made decisions on approximately 1900 applications (rough average of 50 decisions a day), and if we subtract the approximately 350 or so incomplete files, I expect that we have about 200-250 or so decisions left to go. The average per day has gone down a little, as some of the files we are now reviewing are very difficult cases that take much longer. A majority of the applicants that are still waiting applied after March 22 (or completed their files after that date), and we are finishing them off now. It has been a long and challenging process for both you, the applicants, but also for our evaluation team, as it is not a quick process. We must review every class, and if admissible, key in how each class comes into UGA, when it was taken, the number of HOPE hours, etc. Everyone will be glad when this process is done! Please remember that if you make comments, please give me enough information to actually give accurate feedback, and try to not comment as Anonymous. It helps me keep my responses straight, and may make more sense to people following the comments at a later time.

The Dream Deferred By Langston Hughes - 1020 Words

â€Å"Dream Deferred,† is a poem written by Langston Hughes discussing what may become of a dream that is put off, delayed, or postponed by external influences. Throughout the poem, Hughes uses questions about concrete things in everyday life and compares them to the ignored dreams. Langston Hughes isn’t referring to the dreams we have when we go to sleep at night, he’s referring to an aspiration or a desire. â€Å"Does it dry up Like a raisin in the sun?† (Hughes 970) The vision of his dream is vanishing like a plump, juicy grape would in the sun. The grape dries and shrivels up to become a raisin, just like his dream has done. The life of the dreamer is steadily fading and they lose their vitality because of the long delayed dream. A dream that has been put off for so long almost becomes unrecognizable to oneself. â€Å"Or fester like a sore— And then run?† (Hughes 970) Although Hughes asks rhetorical questions throughout his poem, there is a meaning behind every line. Fester means to become worse or more intense, especially through long-term neglect or indifference. When your dream keeps being ignored, you grow some type of resentment and it worsens. This â€Å"sore† will not heal, but it will continue to become more intense and â€Å"run.† â€Å"Does it stink like rotten meat?† (Hughes 970) As a result of the hindrance, the dream now rots. Eventually the wound that didn’t heal will smell like rotten meat. The â€Å"stink† may imply how Hughes is feeling, knowing that the dream has been deferred forShow MoreRelatedA Dream Deferred By Langston Hughes990 Words   |  4 PagesThe poem â€Å"A Dream Deferred† by Langston Hughes; is about what occurs to the dream when you postpone them, instead of going for it and make it come true. Many people in this world has a dream or some sort of goal that they would like to accomplish. Although most of us would love to follow our dreams, sometimes we just cannot do it due to the struggles that we would have to face. This poem is based on a guy who is going through a difficult time and what would happen to his dream if he puts it on holdRead MoreA Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes1736 Words   |  7 Pages All Langston Hughes ever wanted was for people to have their dreams accomplished and the motivation to bring change forward. However, Hughes’s dreams almost came tumbling down for speaking out in one of his poems. In 1940, Hughes had been investigated by the FBI following the release of his poem â€Å"Goodbye Christ†. Numerous accusations had arisen, stating Hughes â€Å"†¦[was a] member of the Communist Party, [ran] for public office, called for a race war, married a white woman, and studied CommunismRead MoreDreams In Dreams And Dreams Deferred By Langston Hughes915 Words   |  4 PagesIn two of Langston Hughes’ poems, he sorts out a multitude of analogies and diction to draw in the audience to better understand his perspective of dreams. When the poet begins the poems, â€Å"Dreams† and â€Å"Dreams Deferred,† he speaks of an emptiness and an ageing of dreams. Hughes’ allusions in repetition, strands, binary opposites, and anomalies can represent his overall portrayal of a li fe without dreams is unstable and that dreams become the person, making it impossible to run from. The pattern ofRead MoreAn Analysis of Dreams Deferred by Langston Hughes685 Words   |  3 PagesImportance of Achieving Dreams It is true that people often dream widely and unrealistically. But some people dream about basic human rights such as dignity, freedom, liberty, equal rights, and access to education. Socio-economic and political conditions sometimes put people in dire situations where they do not have access to such fundamental human needs. For such people, achieving their dreams is especially important, as the shattering of their dreams may lead to the shattering of their lives altogetherRead MoreLangston Hughes Dream Deferred Essay538 Words   |  3 Pages langston huges - dream defered After the Civil War won the black people their freedom, it seemed as though their dreams of great opportunities were finally going to come true. However, they were met by even more obstacles, which left the blacks to wonder if their dreams had any chance of occurring, or if they should just give up. In his poem, â€Å"Harlem,† Langston Hughes used increasingly destructive imagery to present his warning of what will happen if you delay working towards your goal. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hughes’Read MoreA Dream Deferred - the Poetry of Langston Hughes1647 Words   |  7 PagesThe poetry of Langston Hughes, the poet laureate of Harlem, is an effective commentary on the condition of blacks in America during the 20th Century. Hughes places particular emphasis on Harlem, a black area in New York that became a destination of many hopeful blacks in the first half of the 1900à ­s. In much of Hughes poetry, a theme that runs throughout is that of a dream deferred. The recurrence of adream deferred in several Hughes poems paints a clear picture of the disappointment and dismayRead MoreMontage Of A Dream Deferred By Langston Hughes946 Words   |  4 Pages Many of the poems within â€Å"Montage of a Dream Deferred† by Langston Hughes contain great meaning as well as emotion embedded within them. Whether they are 3 lines or 20 lines long, vivid images and explanations follow. The main focus of the series of poems are centralized on African Americans living in Harlem in the 20’s and on and their opposition from the rest. The motif in nearly all poems express discrimination, daily activities, and African American’s struggle for equality. Out of all poemsRead MoreEssay on The Transformation of a Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes694 Words   |  3 PagesIn Langston Hughes’ poem, A Dream Deferred, Hughes wonders what happens to a dream that does not come true. He writes, â€Å"Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode?† In A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, Walter shows that his deferred dream does both. Early in the play, he shares his hopes and dreams for his family and their futu re with his young son, Travis. He imagines that earning his fortune will cure all the shortcomings and injustices in their lives. The limitations ofRead MoreAnalysis of Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesDream Deferred A dream is a goal in life, not just dreams experienced during sleep. Most people use their dreams as a way of setting future goals for themselves. Dreams can help to assist people in getting further in life because it becomes a personal accomplishment. Langston Hughess poem Dream Deferred is speaks about what happens to dreams when they are put on hold. The poem leaves it up to the reader to decide what dream is being questioned. In the opening of the poem the speaker usesRead More Power of Langston Hughes Harlem (A Dream Deferred) Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesPower of Langston Hughes Harlem (A Dream Deferred) In our journey through life, we all have certain expectations of how we would like our lives to be. All of us strive to reach a certain level of self-actulization and acceptance. It could thus be said that all of us live a dream. Some of these individual dreams inevitably become the collective dream of many people. In Harlem (A Dream Deferred), Langston Hughes makes use of symbolism as well as powerful sensory imagery to show us the emotions

Abraham Lincoln Is He Really A Good President - 1136 Words

Abraham Lincoln: Is He Really A Good President? By the end of the Civil War, there were more than 620,000 casualties. Many believe this was thanks to Abraham Lincoln. About a month after he was elected president, many controversies started to stir in America, thus causing the Civil War began. From the mouth-dropping moment Abraham Lincoln was elected, he had been fighting for equality for all men, no matter the race. He believed. â€Å"those who deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves.† When he was elected president, many people, including about all of the southern states, where against Abraham Lincoln. They claimed that he was the reason why all those deaths occur, and that he was racist, along with taking away liberties and abusing his power. Critics say that Abraham Lincoln was one of the worst presidents because he was the cause of the Civil War. However, After the election, a few southern states started to secede, Therefore causing the civil war. According to Debate.org, â€Å"Lincoln was an honest man clearly shown by his characteristic as a lawyer who refused to take on cases that would cause him to lie. Of modest origins he became the President and from thereon he was a great commander-in-chief and suceded where president Davis had failed. With his vision and leadership the union came out of the war victorious and the slaves freed.† So as you can see, he was a great leader in the times of need for his country, and he ended the war. Next, quoted by debate.org, oneShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln, By George Mcgovern Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pages In Abraham Lincoln, by George McGovern, McGovern summarizes and gives insight on one of the United States’ most well-known and highly praised presidents , Abraham Lincoln. McGovern thoroughly outlines Lincoln’s life, his struggles and how he became the great president that he was. One point McGovern continues to mention is how no matter how bad a situation was or even when people doubted Lincoln, he would take his defeats and preserve. In the beginning of the book, McGovern recounts Lincoln’sRead More Abraham Lincoln Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pages Abraham Lincoln Why I chose to research Abraham Lincoln’s life. Ever since I was a small boy in elementary school, and all throughout my grade school days, there were many great names that were spoken of and taught about. Names such as George Washington, (our first president) John Hancock, John Adams, and Mark Twain were among many others who contributed to the betterment of our great country, the United States of America. Yet there was one name that resounded in my classrooms, and in my earsRead MoreEssay on Abraham Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address1293 Words   |  6 Pagesabout. Names such as George Washington, (our first president) John Hancock, John Adams, and Mark Twain were among many others who contributed to the betterment of our great country, the United States of America. Yet there was one name that resounded in my classrooms, and in my ears. That name was Abraham Lincoln. As a child, I had heard of great things this man had done, and wonderful things he had said. Of the many great things said by Abraham Lincoln, I recall most vividl y the Gettysburg address, givenRead MoreEssay On John Wilkes Booth1453 Words   |  6 PagesAshlie Clark U.S. History Prof. Kearney Due: September 7th, 2017 The First U.S. President to Ever be Assassinated Many people view Abraham Lincoln as the best president our country has ever had and I for one, agree. Lincoln dedicated his life to this country, spending most of his political life campaigning against slavery, letting the country know that he was against everything it stood for. However, upon Abraham Lincolns inauguration, our nation divided itself. The election signaled the secessionRead MoreThe Gettysburg Address By President Abraham Lincoln1221 Words   |  5 Pagesspeech composed and addressed by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863, at the time of the political fight in Gettysburg Pennsylvania. At that time, Abraham Lincoln was the President of the United States. He was also the President who led America through the Civil War. During the Civil War, at Gettysburg, some soldiers died protecting the nation. This was mentioned in Lincoln’s speech, which was meant to be dedicated to the soldiers who died defending their people. He spoke of how a piece of land on EarthRead More The Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1614 Words   |  7 PagesScience 1100 Dr. Michael Petersen Abraham Lincoln I chose to do my research project on one of our presidents and the president I chose is Abraham Lincoln. I chose to do it on Lincoln because in my eyes and in the eyes of many other people, he was our nation s greatest president. He was considered our greatest president for everything he was and stood for and for all the things he did for our country. The first thing people should know about lincoln is that he did not grow up in a rich or famousRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1486 Words   |  6 PagesWhy is Abraham Lincoln such an amazing person? Who is he? What did he do to change America for the better? Almost everyone should know about Lincoln. Lincoln was not the man everyone thought was fit for the job, they all thought he was less than what he was. Lincoln showed them that he is one of the best presidents America has had. There is a chance America could still have slavery in the country if Lincoln did not step in and start to end slavery. Lincoln was a big part of this countries historyRead MoreThe Assassination Of President Abraham Lincoln Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican history in my opinion is the Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. With no surprise I am writing about certain event that occurred leading up to, during, and after this unfortunate event. This historical event is clouded with conspiracy but I will try to avoid specifics of that particular view. Abraham Lincoln was born in a little town located within Hardin Country, Kentucky on February 12, 1809 (www.whitehouse.gov/abrahamlincoln). He grew up dirt poor and in my opinion could be consideredRead MoreAnalysis Of Chasing Lincoln s Killer 1188 Words   |  5 Pagesfocuses on John Wilkes Booth’s plan to assassinate the president along with the secretary of state and vice president, the actual assassinations in action, and Booth’s attempt to escape to the south, along with personal retellings of what happened by the people involved. 3. Swanson has been fascinated with the assassination of Lincoln since he was ten when his Grandma gave him an engraving of the pistol John Wilkes Booth used to kill Lincoln. Swanson now serves on the advisory council of the Ford’sRead MoreAbraham Lincoln: Great Emancipator or Common Politician?1487 Words   |  6 PagesPresident Abraham Lincoln has been revered as one of the greatest presidents in the history of the United States. He is known for his great effect on slavery and served his terms during the civil war in a time of great controversy. The American Civil War (1860-1865) occurred at the exact time of Lincolns presidency (1861-1865). The North and the South were divided and a big issue was slavery, on which Lincoln took an anti-slavery stance. Lincoln has been called many things because of his views from

Leadership In Action Free Essays

string(73) " naturally on the track of whether to consider a call successful or not\." A.   Introduction The paper to be shown herein particularly highlights the leadership skills of an IT Operation’s Team Chief in a Call Center Agency.   Call Centers are primarily known for assisting clients in facing troubleshooting issues with the client’s computer-operating procedures. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership In Action or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through a phone call from the client, the agents are able to connect themselves with the problem and thus be able to solve the issue though instructional details given over the phone towards the clients. The work of Call Center agents is most likely ranging from 24/7. This means that the shifting of schedules are reshuffled every now and then for the agents to be able to meet the 24-hour operation of the company. Indeed, seeing this situation, it could not be denied that this type of organization certainly needs an enthusiastic set of managers who are supposed to lead the tea, in getting the best results of the company while giving the clients the best service that they ought to receive.   In this particular manner, the author of this interview report decided to talk to one of the managers of the said Call Center Agency so as to be able to look deeper on how managers of the said type of organizations keep up with the challenges of meeting the different responsibilities left in their care which includes keeping up with business competition and empowering the workers in giving a quality performance for the entire organization. B.    Manager’s Basic Informations For the sake of privacy purposes, the manager noted here in would be referred to as â€Å"Mr. Team Chief†. The said individual agreed with the said title to be used in behalf of his identity to be able to cover his true name. He is among the ten other team chief managers of the IT operations management team. Like the others, he is assigned to a certain pool of agents whom he has to work with everyday. For at least two months, they are given the chance to empower a certain group, then after which they are transferred to other groups for the sake of establishing camaraderie among all the workers and inciting better motivational procedures to all the employees. (Goleman, 2000) Each pool of agents consists of at least 15 members each. The organization gives incentive to the agents who are able to reach an 80% performance level with the calls that he or she assists each wee. It is then the responsibility of the Operational Management’s Team Chief to help the employees reach this particular goal. Through assisting them with the difficulties of answering some of the most technical questions, the manager is able to give them the support that they need at work. However, the responsibility of a Team Chief does not end there. Aside from particularly supporting the team, he is also responsible for motivating them in a way that although the work id quite tiring, the agents would feel that what they are working for is all worth the efforts. Facing the different conflicts that the employees engage with every now and then is also left in the care of the team chief to resolve. C.   Organizational Behavior Management Section It has been mentioned earlier that the manager interviewed herein is held responsible for motivating, assisting and disciplining at least 15 call canter agents left in his care every time he goes to work. Not to mention that his job also requires him to possess a certain amount of considerable knowledge about IT operations, he also is accountable for having and applying sound judgment when several difficult situations arise. TO breakdown the topics on management that have been discussed by the author of this report with the manager, the following subtitles shall separate the issues basing from their impact on human behavior management procedures: People Motivation It is the company’s protocol to reward a call center agent who was able to reach at least 80% satisfaction on the calls that he or she received in a week. It is then the responsibility of the team chief to assist others in reaching that particular goal. To be able to do so, â€Å"Mr. Team Chief† said that he opt to have empowering meetings 15 minutes before each shift. Once he is on the floor, he makes it a point that he is not just staying in his sit but instead he roams around the work areas of his team and sees to it that they are simply doing the right thing, Once a successful call has been delivered by an agent, he never forgets to acknowledge them and give them commendation. He added that in this job, he learned that making the people feel that they are of great worth to the company and the hard work that they put forward for the organization is given high regard is much better than motivating them in terms of monetary allowances. Punishment and Policies Since the shift of the agents is reshuffled every now and then, the organization allows at least a lee-way of three minute on floor preparation before the actual job. This means that the time listed on the schedule sheet given to the agents are at least three minutes earlier than the actual hour of operation. Hence, there is no excuse for being late. However, there are at times those agents who simply cannot arrive early because of some circumstances. Hence, what he does is to allow them three times of being late then on the fourth, they are held form work for at least an hour away from their schedule, this way they would not be paid for the first hour of their job even though they would work. This is just among the policies that â€Å"Mr. Team Chief† deals with. He usually deals with this particular problem making it one of the most overused policies in his team. Decision Making The usual; decision made by Mr. Team Chief is naturally on the track of whether to consider a call successful or not. You read "Leadership In Action" in category "Essay examples" The 80% satisfaction in the customer service given by the agents to their clients is scaled by the managers themselves. There is not a machine-based program that determines this particular progressive report. Hence, it is in their discretion if they are to flag a certain call successful or a failure. This then subjects them to being highly objective, not being influenced by favoritism and is completely guided by the essence of professionalism in their job. (Collins, 2001). Facing Conflicts At some point, the employees get stuck with conflicts with each other, particularly because of their individual dispositions at work. Form this particular perspective, Mr. Team Chief tries it so hard to become much objective in listening to the disputes of the employees while trying to assess the roots of the problem. Once the root of the dispute has been resolved, the manager tries to fix the issue through helping the employees see the situation in each other’s perspectives, putting each other in other’s shoe on the aim of helping them see the situation in the implication of values depending on the personality of each employee. (Gottee, 2000) Pursuing the Breaking Ground for Teamwork It is very important to work as one towards one [particular goal for this type of organization. This is the reason why for the manager, it is important to understand what is it that actually empowers his people to work on their performance in giving their job the best shot that they could provide the clients and the organization as well.   (Brown, 2002) The Implication of Leadership Principles In the book Spiritual Dimension of Leadership, the authors of the said reading material deliver their points of views on how to develop the intellectual insight regarding and spiritual beliefs. Based on the achievements of the authors Dr Paul D Houston and Dr Stephen L Sokolow, their main points are to express by public education the true meaning of faith in leadership and how to become a more enlightened leader, by having a common purpose and common vision. Through the said book, they discussed their hopes and dreams for themselves as well as for the public education, for the different leaders and for the world. Their major goal is to build a strong public education that will help the children to easily enhance their skills, and to support the needs of the students primarily with regards the moral and spiritual values. Thru public education, the different kinds of beliefs can easily be discussed in formal and legal ways, and public education is the best opportunity to build different essential concepts that will connect the people within the human society. Another goal that these two authors frequently develop is the â€Å"Dimension of Leadership†, though leadership is a great privilege to a person who has the chance in having the skills needed for it, the authors define the exact value of what are the valuable insights that a perfect leader should have. Also the responsibilities of the leader, which should always be his major priority for the benefits of his community; this will lead to a wellness and successful organization in the society that he serves. Wise leadership in spiritual , moral, and educational program is one of the major keys in a certain country’s future success; it is the best way to create a fruitful result that can give hope to the citizens of a particular society. Moreover, in order to build and have better leadership status in the future, the authors of book entitled â€Å"Spiritual Dimension of Leadership† provide some important guidelines that will fit to the prospective leaders. They offer the eight key principles that can lead to a prospective leader to become a valuable and enlightened leader, it is important to discussed this eight key principle in order to understand and enlightened the important point of views on how to become a better leader and spiritual adviser to the societies and communities. These are the following guidelines that a prospective leader should have to seriously apply and understand carefully in order to empower his leadership. Intention- In leadership it is important to know what is the real intention of the leader in his activities and programs, because all the related activities that are usually directed by the leader and provided by the members will always reflect his physical and moral values. Attention- A true leader must always visualize the needs and benefits of his team; in order to develop a progressive idea the leader should always give his full attention to the programs and activities that are very beneficial to the community. Unique Gifts and Talents- Special skills and talents are God given gifts to every individual; it is also temporarily stored to human body, by building and developing a set of better programs and activities, leaders are extending their best to use their skills and intellectual thinking to provide a humanistic and unbiased leadership to his community. Gratitude- Leadership is not all about the giving of commands and duties, in order to achieve the main goal; an acting leader should have an interpersonal emotion, greater acceptance, and dipper appreciation for handling a serious obligation, also by receiving a lively sense of favors grateful acceptance is also required in order to have a better leadership practice application. Unique life lessons- Though leadership is always creating some comparisons, developing uniqueness is a big factor to create a better relationship towards other members, by using personal experience to provide a useful knowledge, â€Å"Unique life lessons† is a big contribution in having an enlightened leader. Holistic Perspective- This kind of principle is also required to inspire the members to also achieve their goals. By emphasizing the importance of the members in the society, through the implementations of the holistic perspective true leadership will be more effective. Openness- To achieve a wise leadership especially in education, openness is a big impact to create a better leadership. Leaders should always be open-minded in terms of the ideas and theories that are represented by the members of the public constituents. Any problems should seriously be discussed properly. Trust- The most important things that the leaders in spiritual and educational area should apply is trust, leaders should always create their different perspectives as well as the progressive idea on how to lead a certain group; however, trust is the major factor in continuously aiming and becoming a leader. However, trust remains to be the core reason needed for the leadership skill applications to be successful enough for the organizations being served. If the insights written within the pages of the book being discussed in here will always prevail within the society’s leaders, it could be easily expected that better days are ready to come ahead as the future generation of human civilization sprouts out to serve the different countries around the globe. The book indeed provides the most necessary inspiration that leaders need to posses in leading the nation or any other social organization, trust and knowledge that would lead to a more successful future and a more effective leading procedure. Conclusion From this particular presentation, it could be noted that managers are expected to deal with different arenas considering human resource empowerment as well as improving their performance level for the sake of establishing a fine reputation for the organization through the works of the agents. It is very much appealing how Mr. Team Chief insisted on the fact that what managers usually forget is that the motivation needed to fire up the interest of the workers in performing at their best is not at all times based on monetary measures. Sometimes, simply acknowledging them for a job well done already does the trick of motivating them to work well. The sincerity of the manager to help the employees bring out their best makes the essence of management a real gift to any business organization. Interviewee: Patrick Mendoza. (2007) Clientlogic Philippines. (Online Interview Through Chat Permission from the Clientlogic Administration). Loakan, Baguio City, Philippines. Further Readings: Collins, J. (2001). Level 5 leadership: the triumph of humility and fierce resolve. Harvard Business Review, 79(1), 67-76. Goffee, R. Jones, G. (2000). Why should anyone be led by you? Harvard Business Review, 78(5), 62-70. Goleman, D. (2000). Leadership that gets results. Harvard Business Review, 78(2), 79-90. Brown, L. M. (2002). Click here  to access a review of Kouzes and Posner’s book, The Leadership Challenge. Paul D. Houston , Stephen L. Sokolow. (2006). The Spiritual Dimension of Leadership: 8 Key Principles to Leading More Effectively. Corwin Press. How to cite Leadership In Action, Essay examples

Grant Proposal for Cultural and Linguistically- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGrant Proposal for Cultural and Linguistically. Answer: Introduction Background The Cultural and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) women remain highly vulnerable to domestic violence. The suffer from language barriers, fear of authorities as well as social isolations thereby making the CALD one of the NSW one of the most vulnerable cohorts for domestic violence this increased stress, anxiety and Posttraumatic Disorder (PSTD). The lack of interpreters has even further compounded this problem among the at-risk women seeking the protections individually and by looming federal cuts threatening the ability of the domestic violence crisis service to access interpretation services. The CALD women further suffer due to the often danger that violence against women from diverse backgrounds remains simply dismissed and ignored as a foreign culture problem. Problem Statement The target population of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) women in NSW are shown to be disadvantaged in terms of mental healthcare and are among the group of people who are over represented and treated involuntarily or admitted for acute inpatient mental healthcare in hospitals around NSW. They are a population who are only likely to access mental health care when they become acutely and seriously unwell (Mental Health in Multicultural Australia, 2014) and the NHMRC of Australia states that a more effective response is needed if Australia is to meet the physical activity needs of CALD women in order to increase their mental health status, prevent mental illness and reduce the burden of disease (NHMRC, 2005) due to the high prevalence of the problem. Currently in NSW perinatal mental health of women from CALD backgrounds is a priority area as women are more likely to experience these conditions during pregnancy and the perinatal period the year following the birth of a baby. All pregnant women presenting to government health services in NSW are screened for mental illness, regardless of background or race. However, this is not enough and more needs to be done to provide culturally appropriate primary mental health services for CALD women throughout their lifecycle as too many are falling through the gaps and as a result have become an underserved population. It is also unacceptable that CALD women are underserved because Australia is a high income country where appropriate mental health care should be accessible to everyone. Mental health in Australia is a national health priority area (Dept of Finance, 2016) but resources arent being targeted efficiently or effectively to support people with mental illness, particularly the CALD population. Service providers are unanimous that more physical activity programs designed specifically for CALD women need to be provided and that existing services need to extend their reach in response to the needs of CALD women (Cristina M Caperchione, 2011). Purpose The purpose of this study is to use dance therapy as an intervention to provide a culturally suitable primary mental health services for the CALD women throughout their lifestyle to prevent them from falling through gaps which lead them to being underserved populace. It will further help target the resources in NSW efficiently and effectively to support the CALD women with mental illness, anxiety, stress and even PSTD. Thus it will specifically design a dance therapy program for CALD women in a manner that further extends the prevailing services to effectively respond to the CALD women needs thereby effectively reconnecting the CALD women population to the preferred sense of self and integrated values. Aim This study aims at getting a grant that will help establish a dance therapy program to help the suffering CALD women cope with mental illness, anxiety, stress, and even PSTD that have emerged from the violence they have faced in the past countries of origin and have continued to face in NSW despite having moved in to seek for safety and refuge. General Objective To establish the relationship between dance therapy and copying with trauma and mental illness Specific Objective To find out whether dance therapy can help effectively cope with PTSD and anxiety amongst the CALD women To establish whether dance therapy can help enhance quality of life, wellbeing, mood affect and body image among the CALD women Research Questions Can a dance program bring about a therapeutic positive outcome in response to overwhelming trauma and mental health issues? Significance of Study The study is significance because it focuses on helping the CALD women who have and continue to face challenges in NSW despite having gone there as a place to seek for safety and refugee. It aims at using the dance therapy as an intervention to offer the support needed by the women from CALD backgrounds to cope with mental illness, stress, anxiety and PSTD. In practical terms, CALD women need to be listened to in a confidential as well as non-judgmental context to be suitably supported/referred, as well as to receive info in an accessible style. In essence, this is exactly what this study aims at achieving. Behind its obvious simplicity, efficient service delivery remains deceptively compounded. CALD women survivors of sexual violence, torture or trauma could have limited abilities to speak to daily challenges of life including settlements, education, adjustment, and family, leave alone accessibility to therapeutic assistance. It could appear infeasible for CALD women to move on with their lives, especially where they gone beyond survival mode and have acquired freedom to connect with previous memories in a country that avails diverse levels of physical safety (Shepherd, 2016). The studies have shown that the initial step in helping and supporting the CALD background victims is to assist in coping with the psychological effects of living in such elongated uncertainty which this study seeks to do via dance therapy. Trauma memories remain flashbacks to eras which most violated personal integrity: The feelings, thoughts and physical sensations of the moment become re-experienced in the present. Such memories stay outside normal memory and are never incorporated with what the CALD women currently know. Accordingly, CADL women keep the guilt, anger, shame, fear, humiliation, helplessness, dissociation, horror fresh as well as alive. The CALD woman remains assaulted by them whenever a trauma memories intrude and this disconnects such women from reality of who they presently are. Thus this study will be significance amongst the CALD women as it seeks to focus at the reconnection of this population to the preferred sense of self alongside integrated values. This is because the dance therapists will be obliged to listen to the unspeakable to help the CALD women to unlock the trauma. This because the dance therapist will never refuse to listen because doing so would have the effect of maintaining the conspiracy of silence and stories remaining continuously unspoken. Thus, the therapist will greatly assist the CALD women by being aware of such issues of a responsible counselling or contact, self-care, self-awareness alongside capacity of sitting with CALD women at their individual pace and on their individual terms instead of those of practitioner. The dance therapist will also be aware of the need to understand the r elationship between logic of thinking and culture which remains pivotal, and be aware that if never attended to, could lead to severe misunderstandings as well as conflicts. Literature Review The ancient philosophy of the African Village is based on a very strong belief in inclusiveness where music and dance are highly regarded as forms of healing and are integrated to form part of everyday life (Meekums, 2005). The Round Hut Village Dance Program for Women is a simple: counsellor lead primary mental healthcare program that incorporates traditional dancing not only from Africa but from the various CALD backgrounds of the women participants. The program includes evidence based counselling and screening for domestic violence and mental illness, together with health education, health promotion and illness prevention which coincidentally are all activities of the philosophy of the African village traditions. Increased physical activity is well known as an enabler of health and wellbeing for women of all cultures (Cristina, 2011) and it is accepted that physical activity is associated with improved psychological wellbeing in that it reduces stress, anxiety and depression (Payn e, 2003). There is strong evidence that community participation is especially important when engaging with CALD consumers (Queensland Transcultural Mental Health Centre Multicultural Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, 2006) and there are plenty of physical activity programs available in Sydney, ranging in price and provided by a range of government and non-government organizations. Some are offered free of cost or for a very small fee by local councils for eligible women, such as walking groups for new mothers, tai chi, and yoga. CALD women, however, may not even be aware of physical activity programs at all because they are marketed in English and many CALD women are illiterate in English. (Cristina M. Caperchione, 2009) Many CALD women are also illiterate in their own language even if programs were marketed in their language. (Cristina M Caperchione, 2011) The needs of CALD women vary and many physical activity programs are considered inappropriate for minority cultural groups for several reasons including; mainstream physical activities at gymnasiums are inappropriate because some CALD women cannot be in the same building as men when exercising and the exercises themselves are considered inappropriate. Access to programs is a barrier also with lack of transport and the expense involved with travelling and childcare costs was reported as the biggest barrier to attending physical activity programs. (Cristina M Caperchione, 2011) Problems with cold settings that inhibit the development of rapport, have been reported as a barrier. Methodology Research Design Formative research was undertaken to define the need for the program, to find potential solutions and explore feasibility of different intervention methods. A literature review of published studies and an analysis of possible interventions was carried out to guide the selection of specific interventions to be used for best practice to achieve change. Evidence of effectiveness already exists for all elements of the program. Theoretical underpinnings of counselling methods, physical activity programs, health education, and health screening have all been assessed as effective in community and other settings. The design of the program, the plan of the program, and the sequencing of the activities to achieve maximum effect are innovative. The proposed is comprehensive intervention design for The Round Hut Village Dance Program for Women is informed by the philosophy of African Village culture traditions whereby villagers were required to meet routinely once a week in the main Round Hut for mental health purposes as part of their way of life. A counsellor would lead the meetings and community members would tell the counsellor about any concerns or problems they were experiencing and the counsellor would recommend solutions and give advice (Jeong et al., 2005). Community members were also expected to help each other in terms of them having had the same, or similar, problems or concerns and who could relate to and help others through a shared experience model The traditions of the Round Hut Village culture are centuries old and there are no written records of village life but resident Africans in Australia attest to the model. Traditionally these regular meetings have three activities, carried out consecutively. Adherence to the structure of the meeting is a formal practice and an important feature of the African method to maintain wellbeing. The intervention is community based and counsellor lead and uses a behavior change model of health promotion combined with increasing physical activity through dance and music. Social activities such as sharing a meal and taking time to talk and listen with others in the community are an important part of the program (Chan, 2014). Working Hypothesis Dance therapy can help reduce anxiety and effectively help CALD women cope with PST Study area and Target Population The target population is the CALD women living in NSW. The CALD women are those female individuals from a range of different countries, races and ethnicities, who are speaking different languages and follow different political, religious, and philosophical beliefs in NSW. The women from CALD backgrounds have distinctly diverse needs as they live in Australian community. A great number of these women have witnessed violence in one way or the other including rape, sexual assault, civil unrest, war amongst other kinds of conflicts in their lifespan journey. Most of them have spent a great percentage of their time in detention camps or refugee camps that lead to physical, mental as well as sexual health conditions. Upon arrival in Australia, a convergence of variables enhances the risk of both physical and sexual violence for CALD women. Lack of support networks, community pressure, socio-economic disadvantage, and lack of knowledge regarding rights for victims top the list of such converging factors. The issues of planning to quit a relationship with a violent partner becomes a foolhardy undertaking as the issue of finance increasingly become paramount and even those CALD women sponsored to come to NSW/holding a visa with limited rights could lack access to health care/income support and hence ineligible to work whereas their applications for residence are under considerations. They are thus hesitant to report violence against them as a result of fear of deportation threat hence will remain agonizing the effects of PSTD, stress and anxiety. Many CALD women fear they could deported and face additional, and maybe enhanced, persecution. The lack of access to accurate info among the CALD women compounds such a fear. Thus, CALD women are increasingly vulnerable to exploitation sexually alongside added abuse in the absence of income and as a result of measure they have to take to simply survive. Some of the CALD women could be at extreme risks of sexual violence from even strategies due to cultural stereotyping or partake either forcible/willingly in promiscuity. They are also harassed in the labor force setting which genuinely pose continuing risks to both physical and psychological safety of CALD women already susceptible and probably traumatized. They have also cited an extra pressure to keep paid employment as a result of financial needs as well as tensions which financial issues could raise with spouses. Such a pressure further generates from the hurdle in landing a job as a result of discrimination, lack of experience, racism and limited English-language fluency. Within the broader social CALD women face discrimi nation and are always devalued as well as disempowered within the NSW societies in which they sought safety (LaVine, 2015). Sampling Technique The sampling technique adopted for this study was random sampling. The randomized control trials was used. The CALD women sample frame was all pregnant CALD women presenting to government health services in NSW who had been screened for mental illness, regardless of background or race. From this sample frame, 200 CALD women were recruited for the study. They included CALD women from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds. A randomized control trial (RCT) was used to allocate these CALD women at random to receive the dance therapy intervention (Koch, Kunz, Lykou Cruz, 2014). There was a standard of comparison or control. The control was a standard practice, a placebo (dance therapy) and the other group had no intervention at all. The RCT was used because it enabled effective measurement and comparison of outcomes after the dance therapy participation receptions. Since the outcomes are measured this was a quantitative study. The RCT being a quantitative, comparative, controlled experiments enabled effective investigations of two interventions in a series of CALD women who receive such interventions in random manner. It was simplest and most powerful technique in this clinical research (Meekums, Karkou Nelson, 2015). Outcome Measures The outcome measures focused at comparing the behavior of the CALD women who receive the intervention (dance therapy) and those who never received the therapy, control group. This was based on reduction in anxiety, stress, PSTD and ability to cope with mental illnesses. Recruitment/ Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria The recruitment of the participants for this study was based on the sample frame of all pregnant CALD women drawn all pregnant CALD women presenting to government health services in NSW who had been screened for mental illness, regardless of background or race. The participants would only be included in the study if they were CALD women, they had been screened for mental illness and had not participated in dance therapy in the past. They would otherwise been excluded if they had participated in the dance therapy before, if they were not pregnant and if they had not been screened for mental illness (Scharoun, Reinders, Bryden Fletcher, 2014). The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) was instrumental in helping know the classification of the mental illness. By using DSM-5 enabled the identification of various classification of mental illness as it incorporated all the updated changes based on diagnostic criteria and codes (Flood Peretz, 2016). Discussion The family and environment greatly impacts on the ability of the mentally ill CALD women to cope. Those women who still face problems in their marriage even after undergoing through violence experience in their countries of origin have more severe PSTD, anxiety and stress and this prolongs the healing process (DiGiacomo, Green, Rodrigues, Mulligan Davidson, 2015). On the other hand, those CALD women who have working relationships with their partners after marriage are able to heal faster as they no experience does not resurface frequently when they have a peaceful family. The safer environment will promote the loss of bad memories amongst the CALD women unlike the unsafe environment with continued forms of violence. The CALD women expect that the country in which they seek safety will be safer than their countries of origin and hence if this hold, then they are able to reconnect effectively. The motional, abuse, sexual or domestic violence, and neglect have been rampant amongst the CALD women both in their countries of origin and in NSW where they have sought safety and refuge. The abuse of CALD women persist even in NSW because of several factors including the fear of deportation and lack of awareness of their rights, financial hurdles and even discrimination at workplaces. Thus these women do not report their continued violence and neglect because they want to survive. The result is that CALD women remain trapped in endless anxiety, stress, and PSTD and un-healed mental illness (Hildebrandt, Koch Fuchs, 2016). There was an apparent difference in CALD womens behaviors before and after dance therapy (expressive) based control and intervention groups. CALD women who received the intervention had a therapeutic positive outcome in response to overwhelming trauma and mental health issues unlike those in the control group. For example, CALD women who received the therapy reported reduced anxiety, stress and PSTD. They indicated that they were then able to cope with their mental illness and that they had known their rights and would no longer fear of being deported when they report the violence, discrimination, neglect and sexual abuse against them. On the other hand, the CALD women in the control showed no positive behavior change and were still trapped in anxiety, stress and inability to cope well with their mental illness (Peled, Shpunt, Manor, Brozgol, Ezra, Hezi Gurevich, 2016). From the interventions outcome, it is clear that dance therapy can be used to trigger a therapeutic positive outcome in response to overwhelming trauma and mental health issues. Thus, it will be used if this program is fully funded to prevent other problems like depressions, self-harm, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, reducing physical illness, increases interactions with family and friends, improved life style, reduces PTSD. The program will use CBT, DBT, and DSM 5 focusing on directly on the underlying causes of such additional problems in a proactive manner to prevent them amongst the CALD women (Serlin, 2010). This is based on the realization that when anxiety strikes, the response accorded to it is crucial in determining the further problems that ensue. Turning on the music and dance has been cited as one that might seem far-fetched, yet psychologists and therapists have cited it as being effective response. As one dance, he will be witnessing release, self-expression and frequently, joy (Flood, 2013). Thus treatment of anxiety by therapists have sorted to dance therapy as a potential to act as an efficient and effective treatment for anxiety as dance can bot h be an outlet for creativity and a mechanism of accessing a peaceful minds state (Chang, 2015). Therapist uses dance as expressive movement and breathing thereby deflating hyper-aroused thoughts stopping CALD women from thinking about outrageous experiences (Chaiklin Wengrower, 2015). Dance movement thus brings anxious CALD women back to a more primitive, and subsequently, more liberated state of mind. It triggers CALD womens thoug ht to simplify, to focus on their bodies as well as their movement rather than of more compounded life stressors (Chaiklin Wengrower, 2015). The goal of Dance therapy treatment and approaches including reduction in symptoms of anxiety, depression, self-harm thus will help CALD women to cope with severe anxiety, mental and physical trauma, depression as well as substance dependence. The therapist will guide the CALD women via well-structured improvisational body movement. This implies, whereas CALD women are never limited to a stringent routine, they are guided towards body awareness, body image exercises, inner focus work, circle dances as well as tension alongside release exercises. Thus movements are the major assessment as well as mode of dance therapy interventions (Caperchione, Kolt, Tennent Mummery, 2011). The treatment-for stability and rehabilitation will thus follow as the participants will receive the therapy in a continual manner and this with time will help them recover from mental illness, anxiety and even PSTD. Other medical treatment will ensure specific to DSM-5 classification of mental illness and treatment amongst the CALD women based on this program free of charge once the fund is given to increase healthcare access (Koch, Mehl, Sobanski, Sieber Fuchs, 2015). In regards to Public policy-in research trauma, dance therapy can be restorative experience when dealing with CALD women PTSD alongside other kinds of trauma. It will provide mechanisms with which the therapist will test reality, to be more grounded, to reach otherwise lost positive body memories, and above all, reclaim CALD womens own bodies. However, there are specific group that can benefit from dance movement therapy healing powers (Bradt, Shim Goodill, 2015). In respect of the dance program (expression), various studies have affirmed that dance movement therapy has been affirmed to reduce anxiety among CALD women with shy demeanors and who need a little extra assistance arising from their shells including those agonizing from depression and anxiety in social contexts. The dance therapy has enhanced self-expression and confidence in CALD women who are socially anxious, eventually boosting their ability to feel increasingly comfortable in contexts that encompass interactions with others (Karkou Meekums, 2014). The creative dance movement therapies have been shifting CALD womens focus alongside regulating and controlling overwhelming emotions as well as thoughts-particularly for CALD women struggling with PSTD as it improves awareness of bodies and emotions. Thus, therapy-difference in persons behavior and personal state of mind and body will greatly save money for the government (Allimant Ostapiej-Piatkowski, 2011). This is because the pe rsonality saves money for government as CALD women will be effectively and efficiently cared for in groups rather than costly individualized-centeredness therapeutics. It is upon this background that this proposal for grant needs to be approved as based on the budget already drawn as capture in the appendix. This grant award will not only benefit the CALD women, but will also save money for the government. It is thus my humbled prayer that this grant be awarded as the cost-benefit anlysis validates that it has more benefits than costs. References Allimant, A., Ostapiej-Piatkowski, B. (2011). Supporting women from CALD backgrounds who are victims/survivors of sexual violence. Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault (ACSSA) Wrap, (9). Bradt, J., Shim, M., Goodill, S. W. (2015). Dance/movement therapy for improving psychological and physical outcomes in cancer patients. The Cochrane Library. Caperchione, C. M., Kolt, G. S., Tennent, R., Mummery, W. K. (2011). Physical activity behaviours of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) women living in Australia: a qualitative study of socio-cultural influences. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 26. Chaiklin, S., Wengrower, H. (Eds.). (2015). The art and science of dance/movement therapy: Life is dance. Routledge. Chan, G. (2014). Cross-cultural music therapy in community aged-care: A case vignette of a CALD elderly woman. The Australian Journal of Music Therapy, 25, 92-102. Chang, M. H. (2015). 16 Cultural Consciousness and the Global Context of Dance/Movement Therapy. The art and science of dance/movement therapy: Life is dance, 317. DiGiacomo, M., Green, A., Rodrigues, E., Mulligan, K., Davidson, P. M. (2015). Developing a gender-based approach to chronic conditions and womens health: a qualitative investigation of community-dwelling women and service provider perspectives. BMC women's health, 15(1), 105. Flood, M. (2013, April). Engaging men from diverse backgrounds in preventing mens violence against women. In Stand Up! National Conference on Eliminating All Forms of Violence Against CaLD Women (pp. 29-30). Flood, M., Peretz, T. (2016). Involving men in ending vio-lence against women: Facing challenges and making change. Graduate Journal of Social Science, 12(3), 12-29. Hildebrandt, M. K., Koch, S. C., Fuchs, T. (2016). We Dance and Find Each Other 1: Effects of Dance/Movement Therapy on Negative Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Behavioral Sciences, 6(4), 24. Jeong, Y. J., Hong, S. C., Lee, M. S., Park, M. C., Kim, Y. K., Suh, C. M. (2005). Dance movement therapy improves emotional responses and modulates neurohormones in adolescents with mild depression. International Journal of Neuroscience, 115(12), 1711-1720. Karkou, V., Meekums, B. (2014). Dance movement therapy for dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. Koch, S. C., Mehl, L., Sobanski, E., Sieber, M., Fuchs, T. (2015). Fixing the mirrors: A feasibility study of the effects of dance movement therapy on young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 19(3), 338-350. Koch, S., Kunz, T., Lykou, S., Cruz, R. (2014). Effects of dance movement therapy and dance on health-related psychological outcomes: A meta-analysis. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 41(1), 46-64. LaVine, S. B. (2015). Dance Movement Therapy. Meekums, B. (2005). Dance movement therapy. Meekums, B., Karkou, V., Nelson, A. (2015). Dance movement therapy for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), 1-54. Payne, H. (2003). Dance movement therapy: Theory and practice. Routledge. Peled, R., Shpunt, D., Manor, Y., Brozgol, M., Ezra, A., Hezi, N., ... Gurevich, T. (2016). Multidisciplinary group program integrating voice and dance movement therapy for Parkinson's disease patients: Preliminary experience. Movement Disorders, 31, S251. Scharoun, S. M., Reinders, N. J., Bryden, P. J., Fletcher, P. C. (2014). Dance/movement therapy as an intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 36(2), 209-228. Serlin, I. A. (2010). Dance/movement therapy. Corsini encyclopedia of psychology. Shepherd, S. (2016). Criminal engagement and Australian culturally and linguistically diverse populations: Challenges and implications for forensic risk assessment. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 23(2), 256-274.

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Roman Abramovich - Essay Example 3. Qualifications: This literature review has its limitations in that literature used for the study of Roman Abramovich is limited to the articles on Roman Abramovich found in the local library and in the JSTOR and EBSCO databases and the information yielded through the Google search engine. It would have been better to have used more databases to widen the panorama of information on Roman Abramovich, but this could not be done as access to other data bases could not be secured. Another issue is that all the information available is through secondary sources. A personal interview with Roman Abramovich would have provided his perspective of his rise and growth and the manner in which he has been responsible this spectacular success in the business world. This has not been possible as access for a personal interview of Roman Abramovich is not within the scope of this exercise. Thus this study of Roman Abramovich operates within these limitations. 4. Roman Abramovich 4.1. The Humble Beginning: Roman Abramovich was born on October 24, 1966 in the town of Saratov on the banks of the river Volga in Southern Russia. His father was a construction worker. He lost his mother soon from blood poisoning, which was closely followed by the death of his father in a construction site accident. This left Roman Abramovich an orphan before his third birthday (Smith, 2006). He was adopted by his father's brother and went to live for some time with him in Moscow and from there to his maternal grandparents in the northern region of Komi. Roman Abramovich studied at the Industrial Institute, which was located in the city of Ukhta in Komi. He was drafted into the army and completed his draft time in... The list of elite properties that he owns includes a fifty-four million dollar townhouse in Belgravia, a ten million dollar townhouse in Knightsbridge, and a 440-acre estate in West Sussex that was once owned by the King of Jordan He also owns a ten million St Tropez villa, two super yachts and a Boeing 767. Roman Abramovich is a lavish spender on things that he likes. On 2003, he purchased a majority stake in the Chelsea Football Club for a princely sum of $233 million and then lavished another $470 million spent on players to make the club a force to reckon with in the English Premier League and the European Club Football scenario. He continues to underwrite $200 million towards the annual salaries of the club. The rise of Roman Abramovich from a poor orphan to among the richest ten men in the world sounds like a fairy tale, but behind this spectacular success lies a man full of characteristics that have propelled him on towards this path of fame. In a land that needs deft and quic k positioning, Roman Abramovich has been fast in spotting opportunities and utilizing them. He has shown the patience to wait for the right opportunity to make his move, and the humility to suppress his ego when the times demand it. His political shrewdness is remarkable ability to locate where the true political power lies and keeps in the good books of it. He is not daunted by setbacks and to go after his vision. With these qualities, it is no wonder that the rise of Roman Abramovich has been spectacular.

Sales and purchase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sales and purchase - Essay Example The input data that is required are item category, brand, quantity, cost, customer detail (name, address, phone and birthday), mode of payment, mode of sale and special scheme (e.g. discount). Once these data are entered into the system, it undergoes various processes before finally culminating in the delivery of the item. These processes can be broadly classified into six main areas; 2. The system then differentiates the mode of sale and categorising it into direct sale order or internet based order. This gives the management to make appropriate strategies and plans for their existing or emerging market. 3. With category and brand specified, it then checks for the stock status so that in case of any shortfall, alternative brands can be suggested or sold. This information (category and brand) also help to market other products that may add value to the items asked for. 4. The system then checks for any special offer or discount that the item might have at that particular time. This is an important process because the current market scenario has necessitated introduction of special schemes to attract customers in order to main their competitive edge. 'The ultimate schedule (discount) is one which maximises the suppliers' resultant economic gain, but does so at absolutely no added cost to the buyer' (Monahan, 1984). 5. If the mode of payment is other than cash transaction, the system performs credit check for the customer and accordingly, informs and suggests the customer for alternatives for payment schedules. 6. The system then confirms or refuses the sale/ purchase order and sends the same information on the terminal and generates invoice or sale/ purchase receipt. The completion of sales order is but the first of many other requisites of the input information that are essential for the management of the company. The growth and the future prospects of the business depend on the input data as they are able to divulge vital information about the products and the customers. The sale processing data helps the management to disseminate information that can be categorised into the following output formats; 1. The input data helps to generate current inventory status so that the products that need fresh stocks can be ordered much in advance. 2. The data also helps the management to assess the order flow pattern of the products and services so that the management is able to take appropriate steps in meeting the demands of their customer either by increasing the shopping hours or employing more staff to deal with the rush. This helps the management to maintain a high level of customer satisfaction and general efficiency. This applies both to the days of the months and the specific hours of the day, during which there is marked difference in the sales and purchase pattern. 3. The data also help in finding out the popular items which are sold or purchased as well as the brands that are preferred thus helping the firm to introduce items or products that add value to the ones that are already popular. 4. The management can also maintain its client base by making efforts to

Carrier Selection Determinants

Carrier Selection Determinants The purpose of this chapter is to review past literature that has been made available regarding the subject of carrier selection. The first section of this chapter will begin with global maritime overview. Next, the concept of logistics management and the issues related to transport and customers will be discussed. Finally, the end of the chapter will review the issues related to carrier selection including important determinants in shippers’ making decision process. 2.2 Global Maritime Overview According to UNCTAD (2008), over 80 percent of world merchandise trade by volume carried by sea because it supports international trade and globalization. In 2007, the volume of international seaborne trade reached 8.02 billion tons. The volume increased of 4.8 percent from the previous year. Dry cargoes were the largest share of good loaded. The world merchant fleet expanded by 7.2 percent during 2007 to 1.12 billion deadweight tons (dwt) at the beginning of 2008. Major loading areas were located in developing countries which are 63.2 percent while developed countries accounted as 33.3 percent. Because of high demand for shipping capacity, vessel order increases at highest level which it is 12 times higher that it was in June 2002. The top 35 shipowning countries together controlled 95.35 percent of the world fleet. By May 2008, the world containers fleet reached 13.3 million TEUs. In addition, the containership sector is investing in larger ship to achieve economies of scale to red uce costs. However, in the year 2007, the containership market was effected by higher fuel cost, a weakening US dollar, a strengthening Euro, and an increased supply of newbuilding coming online. Oil price impacted directly to bunker cost level which resulted higher bunker fuel price for 73 percent in Rotterdam, 76 percent in Singapore and 79 percent in Los Angles. Furthermore, maritime transport tends to have further discussions such as security and air pollution and climate changes. The industry is more concerns on environmental issues because heavy oil burned in shipped results in higher level of sulphur oxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. International trade is the main driver of container flow. In the year 2005, North and East Asia is the most significant driver of container trade which was accounted for 50 percent of export trade. In the year 2015, North and East Asia is expected to increase its world market share by approximately 12 percent while North America and Europe are expected to lose market share by 5 and 7 percent respectively. In other world, North and East Asia trade was the key driver of global container flow in the year 2005, and it has potential to grow until the year 2015. The estimated and forecast growth rates for full container trade (Figure 2.1) tend to reach up to 235.7 million TEUs in the year 2015, and the compound growth rate during the period 2005 – 2015 is 7.6 percent per annum. This estimation is full origin-destination containers only. The empty containers are not included.According to Drewry Shipping Consultants ( ) as cited by UNCTAD (2008), container trade is expected to reach 2 87 million TEUs and exceed 371 million TEUs by the year 2020. 2.2.1 Impacts of Credit Crisis on International trade 2.3 Logistics Management Logistics management is the process that relates to plan, implement and control the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services, and information in both the manufacturing and service sector from the point of origin to the point of consumption in order to meet customers’ requirement. Logistics management is to control raw materials, in process inventory and finished goods(Stock and Lambert, 2001). Gecowets (1979) explains about logistics concept that â€Å"The five rights of a logistics system are supplying the right product at the right place at the right time in the right condition for the right cost to those customers consuming the products.† According to Quayle and Jones (2001), logistics is defined as the process that needs management and co-ordination of all activities from sourcing and acquisition, through production and through distribute channel to customers. The authors also explain that the goal of logistics is to create competitive advantage through the simultaneous achievement of high customer service levels, optimum investment and value for money. In addition, the authors explain about the business functions within the scope of logistics management or know as â€Å"logistics mix† which include planning and marketing strategy, purchasing, production planning, storage and material handling, inventory management, warehouse and stores, transport, customer service, and technical support. Relevant toBowersox et al. (2007), logistics relates to the management of order processing, inventory, transport, and the combination of warehousing, materials handling, and packaging (Figure 2.2). However, Croom, Romano, and Giannakis (2000) do research on critical literature review of supply chain, and they conclude that supply chain has lack of universal definition because the way of supply chain has been developed, so it leads to different point of view. Business functions in logistics management: Facility Network Warehousing, Material Handling, and Packaging Integrated Logistics Management Order Processing Transport Inventory Logistics requirement have increased to serve consumers who want and demand quicker response times and more convenient offerings. Moreover, it is also pressured by consumers related to the prices, so the company needs to control its supply chain as efficiently as possible (Coyle, Bardi, and Langley, 2003). 2.3.1 Importance of Logistics Ballou (1999) explains that logistics is about creating value in terms of time and place, so good logistics management means the activities that contribute to the process of adding value. Logistics management is related directly to minimising the cost which can derive benefits to the consumers and to the firm’s shareholders. Logistics management can result of the profit squeeze and potential profit leverage because it is the area to significantly save cost which has greater impact in the firm’s profitability that increasing sales volume would have(Stock and Lambert, 2001). 2.3.2 Challenges in Logistics Management Meixell and Norbis (2008) claims there are many forces that bring about new challenges in logistics management. Some of them originate in the shipper community, carrier community and consumers themselves such as the growing concern for the environmental impact of the products they purchase. In the research, the authors also explain five logistics challenges that influence transport choice which are transport capacity shortages, international growth, economies of scale, security concern, and environmental and energy use concerns. Transport Capacity Shortage The issue is relevant to all transport modes. In motor carriers, capacity is limited due to tighter hours-of-service regulation, driver shortage, and higher toll that strain truck capacity (Meixell and Norbis, 2008). Maloni and Jackson (2005) report that international marine container volumes have increased over recent years, but North America ports and their supporting container distribution have not increased capacity accordingly. LaLonde (2004) reports that fuel cost impact the large carriers which can lead to a wave of bankruptcy and a consequence of reduction of industry capacity. The author also mentions about driver shortage which has resulted in some truck parked against the fence for the lack of drivers. Railroads are operating at or near capacity and they have been reluctant to make a huge investment, so it put more pressure on motor carrier industry and more truck on road. International Growth Meixell and Norbis (2008) claim that international growth is a challenge for logistics management because it involves activities related to international trade such as providing adequate transport and storage, getting items through custom, delivering to foreign location in timely fashion at an acceptable cost. According to Hines (2004), customers have become more demanding in terms of requiring special features or adaptations to a standard product. Therefore, the challenge is that suppliers have to fulfill the individual customer demand profitably by integrating the supply chain process to satisfy the demand. Economies of Scale The issue relate to shipment size because full truckloads can minimize the cost associated with the capital expenditure for equipment. Economies of scale also involves in handling of inventory. It is cheaper to ship cases than ship individual units and also cheaper to ship in pallets than to ship individual cases (Meixell and Norbis, 2008). The concept is similarly to Stock and Lambert (2001). The authors explain that inventory is required if a firm is to realize economies of scale in purchasing, transport, and manufacturing. Moreover, when the firm purchases material in larger volume, it reduces transport cost per unit because full truckload and rail car shipments receive lower transport rate than smaller shipments of less than truckload (LTL) or less than carload (LCL) quantities. Security concerns Security issue and supply chain must relate together because terrorist attack can impact the business operation (Meixell and Norbis, 2008). Sheu, Lee, and Nihoff (2006) also do research about logistics security programmes, and they claim that the efficient operation of international logistics affected by the September 11 tragedy. In Unites States, new security measure added cost approximately $151 billion annually. However, the need of security and efficiency should stay balance because if the need is overwhelming, it can cause delay of logistics process. Environmental and Energy Concerns A growing concern over the environment and energy challenges to logistics managers (Meixell and Norbis, 2008). According to Wu and Dunn (1994), logistics is a part of firm that should become environmental friendly, and the role of logistics managers have been increasing because their decision have a major impact on environment. They should deliver the green products to consumers to maintain the good image of the firm. However, the challenges of logistics managers is that how to incorporate environmental management principles into their daily decision making process. The author also mentions about mode selection impacting on the environment. Rail and barge use less energy than road haulage and air cargo. Marphy, Poist, and Braunschweig (1994) claim that logistics managers have the greatest ability to influence environmental issue involving pollution and natural resources preservation. According to Benson, Bugg, and Whitehead (1994), International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and similar regulatory bodies provide a wide range of study to increase environmental awareness and consequent tougher regulatory on the environment. Marine pollution is a matter of oil pollution after accidents at sea or the deliberate discharge of pollutants in the process of washing tanks. The pollution also comes from the loss overboard of containers or deck cargoes of chemicals, fertilizers and similar products. Air pollution results from emissions, and noise pollution also come from busy roads or near major airports. In the result, companies need an environmental audit to review their operation regularly with the preparation and adoption of training programmes to create awareness of environmental issues. 2.4 Role of Transport in Logistics Management Transport is a major component of the logistics management because it relates to the movement or flow of goods from point-of-origin to point-of-consumption. Transport is a factor in creation of time utility because it can determine how fast and how consistently products move from one point to another (Stock and Lambert, 2001). The decisions about logistics management related to transport includes operating one’s own transport versus hiring transport, mode, carrier, and service selection, method of freight consolidation, vehicle routing and crew and trip scheduling, and equipment selection, replacement, and acquisition (purchase, lease, or rent)(Vogt, Pienaar, and Dewit, 2002). According to Coyle, Bardi, and Langley (2003), transport cost represents approximately 40 to 50 percent of total logistic cost and 4 to 10 percent of the product selling price, so the authors conclude that transport decisions directly affects the total logistics costs. In logistics perspectives, three fa ctors that are fundamental to transport performance include cost, speed, and consistency. The cost of transport is the payment for moving between two places and the expenses related to maintaining in-transit inventory. Logistical system should utilize transport that minimizes total system cost, so it means that the least expensive method of transport may not result in the lowest cost of logistics. Speed of transport is the time required to complete a specific movement. Faster transport service may charge higher, so selecting method of transport should stay balance between speed and cost of service. Finally, consistency reflects the dependability of transport which always shows as the most important attribute of quality transport (Bowersox et al., 2007). Quayle and Jones (2001) also mention similarly that firm should concern with the factors relating to reliability, time, and price. 2.4.1 Mode of Transport and Characteristics Railroads According to Ballou (1999), the railroad is a long hauler which moves the raw materials and low valued manufactured products. The author also explains that there are two legal forms which are common carriers and private carriers. A common carrier sells its transport service to all shippers, but private carriers are owned by shippers with the usual intent of serving only the owner. The advantage of railroad is to transport large tonnage over long distance, but disadvantage of railroad is having high fixed cost due to expensive equipment, right-of-way and tracks, switching yards, and terminal. However, railroad has low variable operating cost (Bowersox et al., 2007). Motor Carriers Motor carrier is a part of any firm’s logistics supply chain because almost every logistics operation needs the motor truck from the smallest pickup truck to the largest tractor-semitrailer combination. Similarly to railroads, motor carriers have two types which are for-hire and private carriers. Motor carriers commonly transport manufactured commodities over relatively short distance. The commodities include textile and leather products, rubber and plastics etc. The major advantage is ability to provide service to any location. However, weather condition and highway traffic can disrupt motor service and effect transit time reliability. Contrary to railroads, motor carriers have high variable cost, but low fixed cost(Coyle, Bardi, and Langley, 2003). Air Carriers Air carriers offer a very fast and fairly expensive mode of transport. Airlines have a high fixed cost in infrastructure and equipment. The commodities are the high-valued items or time-sensitive emergency shipments that have to travel a long distance. The shipments that are less than 500 pounds including high-value but light weight and high-tech products are suited for air carriers (Chopra and Meindi, 2007). According to Benson, Bugg, and Whitehead (1944), the advantage of air carriers are direct flight possible to all ports of the world and speed much higher than any other mode of transport. However, disadvantages are high freight rate, possible delay due to bad weather, more restrictions on size and weight. Water Carriers Cuneo (2003) claims that more than 90 percent of world trade travels in containers aboard ocean – going ships, and about 20 million containers move through 220 ports around the world every year. Shipper can use water carriers in combination with other mode of transport. Water service on the average is slower than rail and availability and dependability can be effected by bad weather. Loss and damages cost from water carriers are considered low relatives to other modes. However, packaging is more concerned to protect goods during handling when loading and unloading operation(Ballou, 1999). 2.4.2 Critical Changes in Transport According to Coyle, Bardi, and Langley (2003), there are five major areas of change which are deregulation of the U.S. ocean liner industry, intermodalism, shipment control, trade policies, and currency fluctuation. The Shipping Act of 1984 and the Ocean Reform Act of 1998 is the greater reliance on the market place to control rate. Therefore, the elimination results in more rate negotiation, the right of conference carriers to take independent action on rates and service agreement which response to the laws of supply and demand. According to Stock and Lambert (2001), the deregulation has resulted in increased inter-intrafirm competition, greater pricing freedom, flexibility in routing and scheduling. It has increased the need of marketing oriented, and shippers have more carriers to choose. Secondly, intermodalism means the use of two or more transport mode which can provide a service to the shipper-customer that appears to be seamless (Coyle, Bardi, and Langley, 2003). Intermodal t ransport is a combination to take advantage of the inherent economies of each and thru provide an integrated service at lower total cost (Bowersox et al., 2007). Next, shipment control means high tech communication system that can deliver effective communication and control system. Customer can track the progress of the shipments. In addition, trade policies can impact the way of transport. Some countries set up protective barrier to restrict import goods, so delay of custom procedure can happen which also result in delay shipments. Finally, fluctuation in world currency can significantly affect logistics decision such as choice of transport mode and carrier. Definitely, value of currency also affects freight rates and importing and exporting volume which also affect traffic of transport (Coyle, Bardi, and Langley, 2003). 2.5 Logistics Strategies Related to Customers Logistics and Marketing Zinn (2000) mentions that logistic and marketing should come together because logistics management is developed to deliver value to customers and fulfill customers’ need. Therefore, the need of marketing and logistics integration has been more increasing. Customer service is often the key link between logistics and marketing.Coyle, Bardi, and Langley (2003) claim that if the logistics system has problems, and customers will not receive a delivery as promised, the company could lose future sales. The logistics process is to deliver and produce the good products at the right cost, but if there are some mistakes with the process, the customers will be satisfied. Therefore, it has a link between marketing and logistics management. Innis and LaLonde (1994) found that both of logistics and marketing contribute to customer satisfaction because marketing is responsible for creating and managing demand while logistics is responsible for fulfilling demand. The Role of Logistics in Establish Customer Service Levels Logistics operation serves a particular important advisory function because the goal of marketing department is to increase sales, but sometimes they ignore the cost to achieve them. The logistics department can outline the alternative means of delivering products to customers and help to calculate the cost for different level of service. They can help to determine the level of customer service and pricing policies (Marphy and Wood, 2004). According to Coyle, Bardi, and Langley (2003), there are four dimensions of customer service from a logistics perspectives. They contain time, dependability, convenience, and communication. Time is related to order cycle time, lead time, and replenishment time. Order cycle should be consistent with reasonable length. Dependability is more important than lead time for some customers. It affects directly to inventory level and stockouts cost. Moreover, dependability also means safe delivery and correct order. Communication involve with accurate infor mation and electronic flow of information. Finally, convenience is understood as flexibility. Logistics service should be adaptable for different customers. 2.5.1 Partnering Relationship between Carriers and Shippers Ellram and Hendrick (1995) explain partnership as a relationship between two firms that committed for a period of time share mutual information, risks, and rewards of the relationship. Relevant to Mohr and Spekman (1994), partnership is defined as independent firms who share goals, strive for mutual benefit, and acknowledge a high level of mutual interdependent. Cooke (2000) claims that supply chain management and collaborative transport management propel transport buyers and their service providers toward stronger mutually beneficial relationships. Dwyer et al. (1987) explain that buyer-seller relationship should have a basic list of critical success factors for strategic alliance. It includes detailed planning foe future exchange, increased measurement and qualification, sharing benefits and burden, reduced uncertainty, shared efficiency and high switching costs. Ellram (1991) also identify that trust between firm, transfer of necessary information, mutual dependence, and sharing o f new technology are the key attributes of successful relationship in buyer-seller partnership. Traditionally, relationship between shipper and carriers was arm length transaction. Each of them tries to maximize its own interests with little interest in their both relationship. However, both of them have begun to recognize the mutual benefits by developing alliance (Lambert and Stock, 2001). According to Gibson, Rutner and Keller (2002), the research found that trust, effectiveness, and flexibility are the most important determinants to develop and manage long term cooperative partnership between carriers and key shippers. Byme (2004) explains that when fuel price are rising dramatically, carriers have no choices, but have to increase price. It can affect relationship between carriers and shippers. The solution of the problem is to increase collaboration between shippers and carriers. Carriers should have end-to-end processes such as load planning, tendering and delivery confirmation. Technologies such as sharing tracking and transaction information are also important to collab orate. Lu (2003) claims that effective services result in successful partnering relationships. 2.6 Carrier Selection Decision The decision making process is the stage that includes mode choice and carrier selection which can identify relevant transport performance variables, select mode of transport and carrier, negotiate rates and service levels, and evaluate carrier performance (Monczka et al., 2005). Stock and Lambert (2001) claims that mode and carrier selection is important because shipper can reduce the number of carriers with whom they do business. When shippers have high volume, they get bigger discount and higher level of service that result in lower transport costs. Meanwhile, carriers prefer to deal with fewer shippers with large consistent volume over long period of time. Burdg and Daley (1985) claimed that the process of selection is involved with behavioural approach which includes environmental and organizational factors. The performance of the transport carrier may influence the effectiveness of the entire logistics function of a company and the process of carrier selecting is an important t o the company’s success. However, the research explored that regulatory and market changes are drivers for change in transport choice attributes (Norbis and Meiwell, 2008). In addition, Gattorna and Walters (1996) claim that there are five factors that are influent the choice of transport containing company characteristics and philosophy, market structure, product characteristics, customer characteristics, and environmental issues. Firstly, the company should concern its marketing, financial, and operation strategies. Marketing can determines customer service offer and customised to meet different customers’ needs. Financial is also involved with the profit objectives. Secondly, market structure is essential consideration. In competitive market, delivery may be the key factor influencing customers’ selection. Thirdly, product characteristics are involved with weight, size, and shape. Next, customer characteristics can impact on profitability. The company should check customer profile, order cycle, and customer after-sales service requirements. Finally, environmental issues can influence transport decisions because in some countries, govern ment is influent in transport policy. 2.6.1 Selecting and Making Decision Process Figure 2.3 Four decision stages Search Choice Post-choice Evaluation Problem Recognition According to Stock and Lambert (2001), there are four decision stages (Figure 2.3) occur in the mode/carrier selection decision which are problem recognition, search, choice, and post-choice evaluation. Firstly, the problem recognition is the stage that is affected by a variety of factors such as customer orders, dissatisfaction with existing mode/carrier, and changes in the distribution patterns of firm. Next, customers will come to search process which they scan a variety of information sources. The possible source can be their past experiences, carrier sales calls, existing company shipping record, printed materials such as advertising brochures, and customers. This process can take a considerable of time. Then, the important stage is choosing. There are many critical attributes concerned in this stage, and executives will choose the mode/carriers that satisfy their requirements. Finally, transport executives evaluate the choice performance. Many firms use many techniques such as cost studies, audits, on-time pickup and delivery performance, and damage/claims reviews while some of them use statistical analysis. 2.6.2 Behavioural Approaches Related to Transport Study Gray (1982) presented three assumptions associated with carrier choice. First, Economic Positivism is explained that economic value related to the firm which determines the use of transport. This approach related to price and profit. The firm attempts to maximize short term revenue and minimize short term cost in a trading. The second approach is called technological positivism which is associated between the physical aspects of commodity such as weight and volume and the transport system such as speed and frequency. The last approach is perceptual approach which related to user interpretation of the situation rather than on physical attributes. 2.6.3 Important Attributes in Selecting Carriers Shipper Perspectives To make a decision, customers need to realize value in order to make a selection, so this part will review the important attributes for shipper to make the selection carrier criteria. Lu (2003) surveyed Taiwan Shippers and found that the five most important carrier service attributes are availability of cargo space, low damage and loss record, accurate documentation, reliability of advertised sailing schedule, and courtesy of inquiry. The research also found that there is a significant correlation between timing related, pricing and warehouse service, so it can imply that to satisfy customers, carrier service should combine these things together. Mater and Gray (1993) explored that shippers in Irish Sea market concerned the most five factors to select carriers which are a fast response to problems, on time collection and delivery, value for money price, and good relationship with carriers. According to Kent and Parker (1999), the mail survey was sent to 125 companies which divided in to 50 import shippers, 50 export shippers, and 25 international containership carriers. Shippers identified the top factors for selecting carrier which are reliability, equipment availability, service frequency, rate changes, loss and damage, and financial stability. The research also found that the factors of selecting carriers between import and export shipper are different in the factor of door to door transportation rates. The research also concluded that service factor is important factor for export customers. Gibson et al. (1993) reported that the key criteria for carrier selection includes a willingness to meet service expectation, an established track record of outstanding performance, a willingness to focus on continuous improvement, the ability to handle special needs and emergencies and a willingness to meet cost goals. Tengku Jamaluddin (1995) investigated the service attributes that are important in carrier selection process, and the result indicated the top five service factors which are knowledgeability, freight rate, cargo care and handling, punctuality and transit time, and service frequency. Chiu (1996) assessed the performance of liner shipping in shippers’ perspectives. The result indicated that the six most important service attributes contains a prompt responses from a carrier to any problems, transit time, reliability, documentation services, a notice of delay, and assistance with loss and damage claims.Lu (2007) reviewed from past research and questionnaire survey of 230 shipping executives to find out the important key of capabilities for liner shipping services. The review concluded that transit time and frequency of service are ranks as important criteria in the context of liner shipping services. Saleh and Das (1974) found that reliability of transit time, consistency in serv ice, company image and special handling abilities are important carrier attributes. Coulter et al. (1989) reviewed the past research and used the relevant criteria to develop questionnaire. The resulted showed that reliability of performance is considered first and follow by Insurance of service provision, quality of service, personalizing factors and handling service. McGinnis (1990) found that there are six factors influent transportation choice which are freight rate, reliability, transit time, loss/damage/claims processing/tracing, shipper market consideration and carrier considerations. Carrier Perspectives Carriers do not really understand which selection criteria tend to influence a shipper’s choice of carriers. Carriers can lose competitive advantage if they still understand differently with shippers which definitely results in a decrease in market share. Moreover, the research found many carriers’ perceptions that are significantly different from what shippers want. Carriers rated personal relations with the carriers as highly important while shippers rated the factor only moderately important. Regular calls by carrier sales representatives, gift and gratuities offered are overrated by carriers, but shippers rated as slightly important or not important. In addition, the research conclude